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OECD-Pricing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
November 3, 2022--Turning Climate Targets into Climate Action
Accelerating the transition to net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is urgently required to contain the risks of climate change. As countries seek to reduce GHG emissions, they can employ or reform a wide range of policy instruments. This report tracks how explicit carbon prices, energy taxes and subsidies have evolved between 2018 and 2021.
This is an important subset of the policy instruments available to governments. All instruments considered in this report either directly change the cost of emitting GHG or change electricity prices.
Reforming these instruments could help to meet climate targets, lead to cleaner air and water, and improve public finances. The report covers 71 countries, which together account for approximately 80% of global GHG emissions and energy use. Explicit carbon prices, as well as energy taxes and subsidies are detailed by country, sector, product and instrument. The use of a common methodology ensures comparability across countries. Summary indicators facilitate cross-country comparisons and allow policy makers and the public to keep track of progress made and identify opportunities for reform.
Tradeweb Reports Total October 2022 Trading Volume of $21.3 Trillion and Average Daily Volume of $1.05 Trillion
November 3, 2022--Tradeweb Markets Inc. (Nasdaq: TW), a leading, global operator of electronic marketplaces for rates, credit, equities and money markets, today reported total trading volume for October 2022 of $21.3 trillion (tn). Average daily volume (ADV) for the month was $1.05tn, a decrease of 16.5 percent (%) year-over-year (YoY).
October 2022 Highlights
Rates
U.S. government bond ADV was down 14.0% YoY to $128.1 billion (bn), and European government bond ADV was up 4.2% YoY (up 23.8% YoY on a EUR-denominated basis) to $37.8bn...
U.S. ETF ADV was up 55.4% YoY to $7.7bn and European ETF ADV was down 6.8% YoY (up 10.7% YoY on a EUR-denominated basis) to $2.1bn.
An increase of 43.2% YoY in global institutional client activity was driven by record U.S. trading activity and reflects further adoption of Tradeweb's request-for-quote (RFQ) protocol.
Methane Emissions Must Fall for World to Hit Temperature Targets
November 2, 2022--Fees are a promising and practical solution, especially those that build off existing business taxes common for extractive industries and agriculture
Countries must reduce emissions of greenhouse gases substantially to keep global temperature targets in reach and limit risks of destabilizing the world's climate.
Most attention has focused on carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels, but it is also critical to cut methane emissions-not least because methane has a more powerful near-term warming effect than CO2 and cutting methane emissions would have a more immediate impact on the climate.
As the Chart of the Week shows, global greenhouse gases must be cut by 25 percent to 50 percent from 2019 levels by 2030 to limit global warming to 1.5-2 degrees Celsius-the central goal of the Paris Agreement. Reducing methane emissions could lower the stock of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and cut the very scary risks of "tipping points"-when climate change becomes self-perpetuating. This is because methane stays in the atmosphere for only 12 years on average compared with up to a thousand years for CO2.
Cold hard (digital) cash: The economics of central bank digital currency
October 1, 2022--Central banks around the world are exploring the case for central bank digital currency. This column outlines the economic forces that shape the rise of digital money and motivate the current debate, looks at the implications for monetary policy and financial stability as well as the policy issues and challenges, and highlights several areas where our understanding of digital money could be improved by further research.
Central banks around the world are exploring the case for central bank digital currency (CBDC) - essentially a digital version of cash (Nielpelt 2021). In a new paper (Ahnert et al. 2022a), we provide an overview of the economics of CBDC. First, we outline the economic forces that shape the rise of digital money and motivate the current debate. We then look at the implications for monetary policy and financial stability before discussing policy issues and challenges. Finally, we highlight several areas where our understanding of digital money could be improved by further research.