| ECB Working Paper-Climate risk, bank lending and monetary policy
August 2, 2024--Combining euro-area credit register and carbon emission data, we provide evidence of a climate risk-taking channel in banks’ lending policies. Banks charge higher interest rates to firms featuring greater carbon emissions, and lower rates to firms committing to lower emissions, controlling for their probability of default. |
| Both effects are larger for banks committed to decarbonization. Consistently with the risk-taking channel of monetary policy, tighter policy induces banks to increase both credit risk premia and carbon emission premia, and reduce lending to high emission firms more than to low emission ones. |
| ESMA finalises technical standards on derivatives transparency and the OTC derivatives tape December 15, 2025-The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), the EU's financial markets regulator and supervisor, published today the Final Report covering mandates under the MiFIR Review on derivatives trade transparency, package orders and the over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives consolidated tape input and output data. |
| France Eases Retail Crypto Rules as Europe Unlocks Access for Millions December 9, 2025-AMF doctrine shift follows UK and Nordic moves; |